Industrial Revolution

• What was the industrial Revolution?
Revolution: a period in which an old system is replaced by a complete new one.
In 1750, in England and then, spread to Europe.
Machines+ New energy source (steam) + Factories
The massive incorporation of machines into industry increased production and made it cheaper.

The first step: Causal factors of Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution:
 Enclosures: the fields were joined, closed and mechanised to produce more. The small landowners and peasants were obliged to move to the towns to find work (rural emigrants).
 Crop rotation system was also introduced which helped to maintain the fertility of the soil.
 New technology, use of fertilizers
 Increased food production

Demographic Revolution:
By 1800 the population had grown from 84 million to 150 million. The birth rate remains static, but the death rate drops. There are advances in medicine (e.g. vaccinations).

• Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in England?

THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Rural economy------------Urban economy

 Textile industry (from Domestic System to Factories): Cotton (from India). Inventions. Produce more and more cheaply.
 James Watt’s Steam Engine: applying steam power to the cotton mills, steam ships, trains, steam tractors, furnaces for making iron and steel.
 The impact of the train




A WATT engine of 1787, equipped with rotatory motion and the engineer's patent governor. The boiler is on the extreme left, supplying steam to the cylinder, whose piston raises and lowers the beam which turns the big wheel.


THE SPREAD AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIALISATION
 1750 + The First Industrial Revolution: in England
Power source: Steam- based on coal
Sectors: Textiles, iron

 1870 + The Second Industrial Revolution spread to other European countries ( Germany) and USA and Japan.
Power source: Electricity and oil (petrol)
Sectors: Chemicals, steel
High Capitalism

 20th century: The Third Industrial Revolution
SPAIN:

No capital to invest in machinery
No market for the products
Subsistence economy
There were any entrepreneurs
No transport infrastructure

Catalonia: textile industry
Biscay: iron-ore and mining
1848: Barcelona- Mataró first train



CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Demographic consequences:
Population growth-- Urban growth—Emigration to cities and another countries

Social consequences:
Power and influence of the industrial/ financial bourgeoisie
The workers’ terrible conditions of work and life
New political ideologies: Socialism, Anarchism, Comunism
 Activity 5 page no. 48 (Eleanitz) Cause & Effect
Agricultural changes ---------Technological advances------ New machinery & sources of energy

Population growth Revolution in transport
Large potential workforce

Colonialism Rural exodus to the towns

Increased maritime trade Large profits
Capital to invest


 Activity 9 page no. 55(Eleanitz) Industry spreads to Europe


1st Industrial Revolution 2nd Industrial Revolution

Period 1750 onwards 1870 onwards

Energy Sources Steam, Coal, Water Electricity, oil (petrol)

Machines - Steam Engine,
- Textile-related machines (Spinning Mule & Jenny)
- Internal CombustionEngine
- Electric Motor
- Bessemer Furnace

Basic Industries - Textiles
- Iron
- Steel
- Chemicals
- Electricity

Transport - Canal barges
- Trains
- Steamship
- Automobile
- Aeroplane

Market - Internal
European - World

Manpower Factory workers
(unskilled, unorganised)
Factory Workers
(Unskilled, skilled and an
organised proletariat)

Countries Great Britain Germany, Spain, USA


Spain:
When: 1870’s
Where: Bilbao Barcelona Asturias
1st sector: Iron Textiles




Activity14(Eleanitz) Synthesis – causes & consequences

Causes
Demographic increase (?)
New technology
New agricultural techniques
Disappearance of the urban artisans

Consequences
Growth of cities
New division of labour
Disappearance of the domestic system (?)
Rapid economic development
Birth of the industrial proletariat


Activity15 Page No. 59 (Eleanitz) Agricultural or Industrial?


Characteristics Agricultural Society
A rural –based economy Industrial society
An urban- based economy
Demography Related to the Ancien Regime. High birth rate, high death rate.
New class-based regime. Death rate falls. Birth rate constant.

Society Based on Ancien Regime. Rural-based. Based on class. Industrial bourgeoisie and proletariat appear. More urban.

Economy Based on agriculture, guilds and domestic system.
Fewer artisans, based on industry, less working in agriculture. More capital investment and growth of banking.